A Process for Practicing Design Innovation

A Process for Practicing Design Innovation The article under consideration is â€Å"A process for practicing design innovation† written by Vijay Kumar. The article was written in 2009 in the Journal of Business Strategy. The broad area of this article is the innovation and its role in the functioning of modern companies. It is important to remember that to remain competitive and meet customers’ needs, the company should use different kinds of innovations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Process for Practicing Design Innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article under discussion is closely related to the Business Process Management Course because the main idea of the article is to meet customers’ requirements by means of using innovations, and the main purpose of the course is to teach students focus on all aspects of the organization which may help satisfy clients’ needs. Thus, it may be concluded that the article and t he course are really interrelated and those who study the discipline should check this information. This article is really interesting and informative. It not just offers the information about design innovation, but also provides the reader with specific examples. It is interesting to read how such powerful companies as Apple, FedEx, etc. managed to use the innovation in the satisfaction of clients’ desires. Moreover, this information may be really useful for the future profession. The key learning points in the article are related to the design innovations and planning a competitive business. The main idea of the article is to show that the manufacturing in the world should be based not on the products but on people who want to buy those products. It is easy to understand the main focus of the article if to consider the words and phrases which kept repeating in the text: technology, business, innovation process, design process, innovation design, innovation culture, design, design management, user studies. While reading an article, it was easy to identify the blocks of the article which focused on different information. Thus, the following building blocks of the article may be considered, the introduction, the main body divided into parts, the theoretical research and the practical understanding of the problem, and the final part.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The introduction of the article covers the information about the necessity of the innovation in the modern business world. Using the concrete examples of the companies which have already applied design innovation process in their work, the author tries to show that the research is really up to date and necessary. As it was mentioned above, the main body of the paper is divided into two parts. The first part of this block refers to design models in the innovation and to the p rinciples which should be used for practicing design innovation. There are four principles: the innovations should be built around human experience, innovation is not just a product, it is a system, innovation culture should be cultivated in the organizations, innovation design processes should be rigorous and perfectly structured. The second part of the main body considers the process of the design innovation in detail. The author of the article generates seven modes for design innovation process and describes those minutely. The modes are really helpful for those who want to check the actions that should be completed for implementation of a successful design innovation process (Kumar 92). The final block of information in the article comprises reference list and the information about the author. One of the main limitations of the article is that there is no concise and informative conclusion. The reader cannot check whether the conclusions he/she made coincide with the conclusio ns of the author. Furthermore, the conclusion should summarize the information discussed in the article and state the author’s personal opinion. I was really pleased with what I have read. First of all, I got to know the design innovation process better, understood its main purpose (to meet customer’s desires and to be able to compete in global markets) and considered the companies which use this method in practice. Indeed, four principles for practicing design innovation on the basis of the analysis of the most innovative companies in the world were considered. This information may be helpful in the future as for a business manager. Moreover, the modes for design innovations were offered. The detailed information makes it possible to implement knowledge acquired from this article in practice.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Process for Practicing Design Innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More St ill, there are a number of limitations which were noticed in the reading. The first limitation was considered previously, that is the absence of precise conclusion. In addition, each new method and technology has both advantages and disadvantages. The author of the article dwells upon only positive and strong features of the design innovation without stating the limitations of it. Furthermore, it would be better if the author not only mentioned the modes with brief description of each one, but provided the reader with the specific example of a company which used those modes for design innovation. This information could help the reader understand the main idea of the process in detail. In fact, the general impression from the read text is positive. The author inserted a number of tables and schemes which helped understand why innovation is business-technology driven. Furthermore, the detailed information about seven modes is presented in a form of a table that helps understand the pr ocess structurally. One more positive feature of the article is that the author provides the examples when discussing principles for practicing design innovation. Thus, by the example of MP3 player and the company focus on human experience of listening to music but not on the device, I understood the main idea of the first principle for practicing design innovation that states that the innovations should be built around human experience. The useful information in the article may be related to the sources which were analyzed there. The author of the article tried to use the sources which supported his opinion and disclosed the main idea of some facts. For example, writing about the emphasis the creator of the innovation should use to make it successful, the author refers to Kumar and Whitney who state that the creator should focus on human behavior, their activities and needs, and motivations. Only in this case the successful innovation may be possible. Using the example of Nabila Mu hammad Usman charity organization in Dubai, it is easy to consider whether it is easy to apply the information from the article to real business or not. The main idea of the organization is to help people who really need it. The development of the Internet made it possible for the organization to reach the global level. People from all over the world are allowed to donate.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organization has created its website and tries to deliver all the possible information to people who care. Different projects, like International Volunteers Day – Dec 5th, would have been impossible if the created had not used the innovative facilities like the Internet and the e-mail. Those items helped both deliver the invitation to people, to tell about the organization of the day on the web site and search for the necessary information. The Volunteers Day on the international arena may be created only if the work is provided with the help of specific steps (Nabila Muhammad Usman). In conclusion, the article under consideration opened my horizon on such a new thing as design innovation and the use of this process in practice. There were a number of lessons which I learnt. Firstly, innovation is the engine of development. Only those companies who apply innovative processes and ideas in their manufacturing are able to compete within the county and especially in the globa l markets. Secondly, I got to know that the design innovation process should be completed in accordance with specific steps expressed in the article via modes. I also understood that it is better to apply innovation to the whole complex of the procedures in the manufacturing rather than to the product only. Having considered this article, I understand that innovative ideas are important. Having checked the theoretical information on design innovation process, we should turn to practical implementation of the ideas we have. But, a thorough research on the topic should be conducted to get to know more information. Then, we should choose a sphere, identify the needs of this sphere and get down to design innovation process of the required idea according to the modes presented in the article. It is also important not to forget about the principles. Kumar, Vijay. A process for practicing design innovation. Journal of Business Strategy 30.2/3 (2009): 91-100. Print. Nabila Muhammad Usman. â€Å"International Volunteers Day – Dubai.† Nabilausman.com. 29 Nov., 2009. Web.

What Were Andrew Jacksons Policies On Banking And Tariffs How Did

What Were Andrew Jacksons Policies On Banking And Tariffs How Did What Were Andrew Jackson's Policies On Banking And Tariffs How Did They Evolve Do You Think Those – Coursework Example Andrew Jackson’s Policies on Banking and Tariffs Banking and tariffs were two critical issues that almost every president had to deal with, during the early years of the post-colonial America. From the time of his election as the president in 1829, Jackson strongly opposed the idea of central national bank. He cited bank’s monopoly in concentrating the nation’s financial strength in under a single institution, and likelihood for loss of government’s sovereignty to foreigners. He also accused s of serving the interests of the rich, at the expense of the poor, as well as regional biasness. However, Jackson supported the tariff system that he claimed was in good spirit to support the growth of America’s young industries (Adams 137). This, he believed, would draw from high tax levies put on foreign imports.Even long before his election into office, Jackson was famous for relentlessly fighting for the economically marginalized citizens in America. Beside s citing political threat from the bank, he also saw his moves as those that could better the lives of the poor by liberating them from oppressive monopolistic financial institutions that promoted capitalism to the advantage of the rich. At some point, however, it was purely of political gain other than pro-poor benefit. It is arguable whether Jackson’s policies hurt America economy or not. First, the banking policy he advocated for during his tenure kept instilling fear of economic sabotage and depression among the public. Frequent threats of financial service withdrawal issued to the public by the national bank, as counter effect on Jackson’s proposals sabotaged economic security in most low-income neighborhoods that were dependent on bank loans for development. Second, his strong support for imposition of tariffs on foreign imports assisted the American economy. For the country’s sustainable economic growth and development, it was imperative to control influx of foreign products into the country’s market to promote homemade consumption and enhance industrial development.Work CitedAdams, Sean. A Companion to the Era of Andrew Jackson. New York: Blackwell Pub, 2013. Print.

Identification Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Identification Process - Assignment Example Such behaviors like initiating interactions and engagements to conversations. A schedule of interaction is developed based on the times and the student needs. The social educator and colleagues identify methods for promoting and reinforcing the crucial students’ social interactions (Heller and Albert 1). Educators provide an ongoing support to peers through problem-solving meetings held in every week. Classroom teachers may be included if the peer support interventions are being put into practice during their class period. The purpose of these practices is to provide encouragements for peer involvement and input as well as minimizing the educator’s role in scheduling and identifying interaction strategies. Although an educator conducts the session, peers are actively involved through open discussions and problem solving. A certain format is recommended to assist in organizing each session (Heller and Albert 1).

D3.1 The Wet Foot Dry Foot Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

D3.1 The Wet Foot Dry Foot Policy - Essay Example Any illegal immigrant from Cuba, whether traveling by sea or by land, and has now managed to reach American soil, should be granted asylum, because these people are fleeing from a one-man rule communist dictatorship. There should be no distinction whatsoever, as it betrays Americas democratic principles, the very political foundation of the country as it was envisioned by the Founding Fathers. Perhaps a more sensible approach is to exclude Cubans who went to the United States of America purely for economic reasons, since they would not qualify for political asylum to be given temporary green cards. In the absence of any evidence to the contrary, all Cuban immigrants should be given the benefit of the doubt (Iraola para. 4). The legal distinction contained in the current policy is merely hair splitting and does not serve any purpose at all; it is better to grant every Cuban immigrant permanent residency status and the rare chance to live in freedom. These people had gambled everything, even life and limbs, to reach the United States and it is heartbreaking to turn them back, based on moral and ethical human rights consideration. It is cruel and inhumane to turn them back; it is like bringing an escaped slave back to his master (McGill para. 13). This policy should be

Enhlish Critical Lens Essay Example for Free

Enhlish Critical Lens Essay According to Patrick Ness, â€Å"It’s not how you fall, it’s how you get back up again†. In other words, life is full of obstacles and hardships. But what is most important is to persevere, and I defiantly agree with this statement. Two literary works that support this statement are â€Å"Mother to Son† by Langston Hughes, and The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros. In the poem â€Å"Mother to Son†, the speaker admits that her life has been difficult, but despite the hardships, she does not give up. She uses an extended metaphor to describe to her son, how even though her life has been hard, she still moves on. The metaphor describes her difficult life to be a dilapidated staircase. The times are metaphorically described as the â€Å"splinters, boards torn up, no carpet, bare†. Despite these problems the mother encourages her son to keep on climbing, as she has done her entire life. In the novel, The House on Mango Street, Esperanza grows up in a poor neighborhood but refuses to be limited by her surroundings. She uses literary elements to describe how horrible her place of living is and how she overcomes the will to give up. The setting in witch she is surrounded by is described as being poor, segregated, unwelcoming and just plain beaten down. For example when Esperanza says in the literary work, â€Å"The House on Mango Street is small and red with tight steps in front and the windows so small you’d think they were holding their breath† just describes a little bit how bad she thinks of her home. But even though she hates her surroundings she is faced with a conflict. Esperanza, versus nature. She hates her setting, but yet still wants to persevere. In both the novel, The House on Mango Street, and the poem â€Å"Mother to Son†, the narrators are faced with struggle and hardship. A mother trying to block out the negativity in her sons head, to allow him to persevere, and a young adult trying to understand that even though times can be rough, she can still move on, and still survive.

The Illusion of the Good Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Papers

The Illusion of the Good ABSTRACT: The question of ethics relates to the good and its contrary, evil. What ethics does with its object is to seek to understand it, that is, not to produce either the concept of the good or the actions that fall under that concept. Thus, the question that follows is: What is the good?, or strictly speaking, what is the definition of the good? But the definition asked for, as any other definition, is necessarily related to the science of language. But language itself is a social phenomenon. Consequently, the definition of any concept implies the quest of the social roots of this concept. In this sense, the quest of the roots is prior to the quest of what is. Examples are taken from Plato’s Republic, Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents, and Schlick’s Problems of Ethics to show that the good is either in the state, in the super-Ego or in society. This means that the origin of the good lies outside the good itself, or, outside ethics. Hence, we cannot spe ak of the good per se, and if we do, we fall into an illusion. Q: To what object does the question of ethics relate? A: To the good and its contrary, evil. Q: And what does ethics do with the object? A: Ethics seeks to understand it, that is, not to produce neither the concept the good, nor the actions that fall under this concept. Thus, the question that seems to follow is: What is good? Or, strictly speaking, what is the definition of good? But the definition asked for, as any other definition, is related, necessarily, to the science of language as G.E. Moore has pointed out in his book. But language, itself, is a social phenomenon. Consequently, the definition of any concept. In this sense, the quest of the social roots i... ...in internal psychological processes, and considering nature as the sole enemy and as the source of evil. Not only nature is evil, but also man as long as the dichotomy goo/evil has been interiorized, and Homo hominy buys us is the inevitable outcome. Nevertheless, real development ran against this illusory dichotomy. The industrial revolution in Europe was preceded by religious critical thinking and the liberation of human reason from any other authority save that of reason itself. Hence, thin revolution reveals that real development is realized with the help of technology guided by science mastering nature for the sake of satisfying man's needs. Notes (1) S. Freud, Civilisation and its Discontents, (trans.) J. Strachey, W.W. Norton Company, Inc. 1961, pp. 71-72. (2) Schlick, Problems of Ethics, (trans.) D. Rynin, Dover Publications, 1961, pp. 90 and 91.

Nightingale Community Hospital Jcaho Audit Preparation: Information Management

Running Head: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AUDIT 1 Executive Summary Nightingale Community Hospital is preparing for a Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, or JCAHO, audit. In preparation of the coming audit, Nightingale has released JCAHO’s Priority Focus Areas for the hospital. The priority focus areas outlined are Information Management, Medication Management, Communication, and Infection Control. The area of focus for this assessment will be Information Management. Information management is one of the most important systems in health care.Maintaining a complete and accurate record of the patient’s health care information. The patient’s health record includes all information about the patient, the health care the patient has received, and all practitioner’s notes pertaining to the patient’s care. Compliance in Information Management ensures that the hospital maintains a high quality of patient care. Information management, as outlined by JCAHO, includes three Joint Commission Standards in the audit. The ? rst standard, IM. 02. 02. 01, which encompasses whether the hospital manages the collection of information effectively.The standard includes three Elements of Performance, or EPs. The three EPs include whether the hospital uses standardized and uniform data sets to collect information, whether the hospital uses standard, consistent terminology, abbreviations, symbols and whether the hospital follows a policy of prohibited abbreviations, symbols, and dose designations among other performance measures (The Joint Commission, 2012). Upon review of the ? rst EP as well as the reports and documentation provided by Nightingale Community Hospital, the Admission Orders form allows for consistent, pertinent patient information to be collected to ensure optimal ontinuum of care for patients. The form should be reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that critical data points are included in the data Running Head: IN FORMATION MANAGEMENT AUDIT 2 collection process and to include updated requirements. One piece of critical information that should be included on all Admission Orders is the admitting diagnosis. The forms also include pre-checked consultations and orders which may not apply to every patient who is admitted; this check marks in the boxes will need to be removed. In accordance with the second EP, the hospital uses standard terminology, de? itions, abbreviations, acronyms, symbols, and dose designations on the forms that have been provided (The Joint Commission, 2012). The third EP, which addresses whether Nightingale Community Hospital follows a list of prohibited abbreviations, is not in compliance with the Joint Commission’s standards. The graph on page three of the National Patient Safety Goal Data: Information Management report, shows the incidence of using prohibited abbreviations was not within acceptable thresholds for January or December; the goal for compliance is 99. 6%.To achieve compliance with the Joint Commission, the organization must not have more than 2 occurrences of non-compliance. The organization improved by eliminating the use of three abbreviations; qd, x3d, and sc. The organization’s graph shows that in January the abbreviation, u, was used 17% of the time and in December was used 63% which is an increase of 46%. To be in compliance with the hospital’s benchmark, the occurrences must be at or below the error threshold of . 04%. To accomplish the task, the organization will need to implement a corrective action plan.To begin, the organization will need to appoint an Information Management compliance team. The compliance team’s primary responsibilities should be limited to auditing the non-compliant records to determine trends in usage of prohibited abbreviations. When the audit is complete, the results will determine the source of the usage of prohibited abbreviations. The possibility of a speci? c department or an individual within a department making the error will be reviewed. After identifying the cause of the increase in abbreviation errors, the team will make aRunning Head: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AUDIT 3! recommendation for departmental compliance training or organization-wide compliance training. The departments leaders will be responsible for developing a compliance training plan, performing the designated training, then documenting who attended training as well as the training dates. Additional audits will be performed at three month intervals post-training to ensure Nightingale Community Hospital’s and The Joint Commission’s standards are met on a consistent basis. The next priority focus area is RC. 1. 01. 01 which ensures that the hospital maintains a separate, complete medical record for each patient. The EPs for this priority focus area include the medical record retention policy and the release of medical records policy (The Joint Commission, 2012). Nightingale Community Hospital appears to be compliant with the Joint Commission’s standards in this priority focus area. The ? nal priority focus area, RC. 01. 04. 01, which ensures that the hospital audits their medical records, has three signi? cantly more detailed EPs: 1.The hospital conducts an ongoing review of medical records at the point of care, based on the following indicators: presence, timeliness, legibility (whether handwritten or printed), accuracy, authentication, and completeness of data and information. 2. The hospital measures its medical record delinquency rate at regular intervals, but no less than every three months. 3. The medical record delinquency rate averaged from the last four quarterly measurements is 50% or less of the average monthly discharge (AMD) rate. Each individual quarterly measurement is no greater than 50% of the AMD rate (The Joint Commission, 2012).The organization appears to be compliant with all three of the EPs. However, the organization fail s to provide documentation to reflect the interval in which audits are performed Running Head: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AUDIT 4! on the medical records. The medical record delinquency rate also needs to be documented and graphed along with other measures of delinquency. The current graph outlining patient identification documentation errors shows data for two different years. Audit data needs to be consistent in all quality improvement graphs and reports.The lack of adequate documentation on policy and procedure for the various measures makes it difficult to accurately assess whether Nightingale Community Hospital is in complete compliance with the Joint Commission’s standards. The suggestion for the team members responsible for ensuring accurate data is collected for the Joint Commission’s future audit, is to create a spreadsheet listing the Priority Focus Areas as well as the Elements of Performance. The spreadsheet should reflect which EPs require documentation and wh ich require a Measure of Success as well as the Scoring Category of each.The spreadsheet will help keep the data organized and the team members can quickly see what information is missing. Staying organized and thoroughly researching each performance measurement will help ensure a successful Joint Commission compliance audit. Running Head: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AUDIT 5! References The Joint Commission. (2012). The Joint Commission Comprehensive Accreditation and Certification Manual. Retrieved from https://e-dition. jcrinc. com/MainContent. aspx. Running Head: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AUDIT 6!Hospitalaccreditation,Hospital,JointCommission,Healthcarequality,Internationalhealthcareaccreditation,TheComplianceTeam,Healthcare,MedicalrecordRunning Head: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AUDIT 1 Executive Summary Nightingale Community Hospital is preparing for a Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, or JCAHO, audit. In preparation of the coming audit, Nightingale has released JCAHO’s Priority Focus Areas for the hospital. The priority focus areas outlined are Information Management, Medication Management, Communication, and Infection Control. The area of focus for this assessment will be Information Management. Information management is one of the most important systems in health care.Maintaining a complete and accurate record of the patient’s health care information. The patient’s health record includes all information about the patient, the health care the patient has received, and all practitioner’s notes pertaining to the patient’s care. Compliance in Information Management ensures that the hospital maintains a high quality of patient care. Information management, as outlined by JCAHO, includes three Joint Commission Standards in the audit. The ? rst standard, IM. 02. 02. 01, which encompasses whether the hospital manages the collection of information effectively.The standard includes three Elements of Performance, or EPs. The three EPs include whether the hospital uses standardized and uniform data sets to collect information, whether the hospital uses standard, consistent terminology, abbreviations, symbols and whether the hospital follows a policy of prohibited abbreviations, symbols, and dose designations among other performance measures (The Joint Commission, 2012). Upon review of the ? rst EP as well as the reports and documentation provided by Nightingale Community Hospital, the Admission Orders form allows for consistent, pertinent patient information to be collected to ensure optimal ontinuum of care for patients. The form should be reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that critical data points are included in the data Running Head: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AUDIT 2 collection process and to include updated requirements. One piece of critical information that should be included on all Admission Orders is the admitting diagnosis. The forms also include pre-checked consultations and order s which may not apply to every patient who is admitted; this check marks in the boxes will need to be removed. In accordance with the second EP, the hospital uses standard terminology, de? itions, abbreviations, acronyms, symbols, and dose designations on the forms that have been provided (The Joint Commission, 2012). The third EP, which addresses whether Nightingale Community Hospital follows a list of prohibited abbreviations, is not in compliance with the Joint Commission’s standards. The graph on page three of the National Patient Safety Goal Data: Information Management report, shows the incidence of using prohibited abbreviations was not within acceptable thresholds for January or December; the goal for compliance is 99. 6%.To achieve compliance with the Joint Commission, the organization must not have more than 2 occurrences of non-compliance. The organization improved by eliminating the use of three abbreviations; qd, x3d, and sc. The organization’s graph shows that in January the abbreviation, u, was used 17% of the time and in December was used 63% which is an increase of 46%. To be in compliance with the hospital’s benchmark, the occurrences must be at or below the error threshold of . 04%. To accomplish the task, the organization will need to implement a corrective action plan.To begin, the organization will need to appoint an Information Management compliance team. The compliance team’s primary responsibilities should be limited to auditing the non-compliant records to determine trends in usage of prohibited abbreviations. When the audit is complete, the results will determine the source of the usage of prohibited abbreviations. The possibility of a speci? c department or an individual within a department making the error will be reviewed. After identifying the cause of the increase in abbreviation errors, the team will make aRunning Head: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AUDIT 3! recommendation for departmental compliance traini ng or organization-wide compliance training. The departments leaders will be responsible for developing a compliance training plan, performing the designated training, then documenting who attended training as well as the training dates. Additional audits will be performed at three month intervals post-training to ensure Nightingale Community Hospital’s and The Joint Commission’s standards are met on a consistent basis. The next priority focus area is RC. 1. 01. 01 which ensures that the hospital maintains a separate, complete medical record for each patient. The EPs for this priority focus area include the medical record retention policy and the release of medical records policy (The Joint Commission, 2012). Nightingale Community Hospital appears to be compliant with the Joint Commission’s standards in this priority focus area. The ? nal priority focus area, RC. 01. 04. 01, which ensures that the hospital audits their medical records, has three signi? cantly mo re detailed EPs: 1.The hospital conducts an ongoing review of medical records at the point of care, based on the following indicators: presence, timeliness, legibility (whether handwritten or printed), accuracy, authentication, and completeness of data and information. 2. The hospital measures its medical record delinquency rate at regular intervals, but no less than every three months. 3. The medical record delinquency rate averaged from the last four quarterly measurements is 50% or less of the average monthly discharge (AMD) rate. Each individual quarterly measurement is no greater than 50% of the AMD rate (The Joint Commission, 2012).The organization appears to be compliant with all three of the EPs. However, the organization fails to provide documentation to reflect the interval in which audits are performed Running Head: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AUDIT 4! on the medical records. The medical record delinquency rate also needs to be documented and graphed along with other measures of delinquency. The current graph outlining patient identification documentation errors shows data for two different years. Audit data needs to be consistent in all quality improvement graphs and reports.The lack of adequate documentation on policy and procedure for the various measures makes it difficult to accurately assess whether Nightingale Community Hospital is in complete compliance with the Joint Commission’s standards. The suggestion for the team members responsible for ensuring accurate data is collected for the Joint Commission’s future audit, is to create a spreadsheet listing the Priority Focus Areas as well as the Elements of Performance. The spreadsheet should reflect which EPs require documentation and which require a Measure of Success as well as the Scoring Category of each.The spreadsheet will help keep the data organized and the team members can quickly see what information is missing. Staying organized and thoroughly researching each performance me asurement will help ensure a successful Joint Commission compliance audit. Running Head: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AUDIT 5!References The Joint Commission. (2012). The Joint Commission Comprehensive Accreditation and Certification Manual. Retrieved from https://e-dition. jcrinc. com/MainContent. aspx. Running Head: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AUDIT 6!